TNF and sickle cell disease: Degranulation of dural mast cells by systemic c48/80 administration activated meningeal nociceptors via Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α), IL-1 β, and IL-6 via central sensitization mechanisms in a rat model of migraine pain (Levy et al., 2007; Zhang et al., 2011; Zhang et al., 2012). Mast cell-deficient mice exhibited less painful sensitivity in a model of sickle-cell anemia (Vincent et al., 2013).