Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is due to certain factors mediating autoimmune destruction of the pancreas, resulting in insufficient insulin secretion, while type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is mainly caused by impaired islet function and IR (Ilonen et al., 2019; Bonora et al., 2022). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.