VCAM1 and leukemia: In addition to being associated with the progression of several immunological diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and asthma [29], there has recently been increasing evidence that elevated serum or plasma soluble VCAM-1 (sVCAM-1) levels are also associated with the progression of various cancers such as breast [30, 31], ovarian [31], gastric [31–34], colorectal [35, 36], bladder cancers [31, 37, 38], prostate [39], leukemia [40], and myeloma [41], suggesting VCAM-1 as a potential therapeutic target in immunological diseases and cancer [29, 42].