NCAM1 and neoplasm: Human ESC-derived neural crest cells can promote remodeling of descending raphespinal projections and contribute to the partial recovery of forelimb motor function in SCI animal models.227 Kim et al. evaluated the efficacy and safety of human polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM)-positive neural precursor cells (hNPCs (PSA-NCAM+)) as a treatment for SCI.204 hNPCs (PSA-NCAM+) differentiated into neural cells and successfully integrated into the host tissue with no evidence of tumor formation, which also significantly improved locomotor function.