DSP and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: successfully applied dCas9‐DNMT3A in HEK293 cells to inhibit mRNA transcription and protein expression of two genes, demonstrating the effectiveness of dCas9‐DNMT3A as a gene‐regulating tool that represses target genes while maintaining genomic integrity.[117, 118] Desmoplakin (DSP) has been identified as a potential risk factor for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis due to high levels of expression and diminished methylation.