In addition, dsDNA increased the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, MMP-13, CXCL-10, IL-6, IL-8, IFN-α, IFN-β and IFN-γ in FLSs of RA patients in a cGAS-dependent manner (Wang et al. 2019a).cGAS or STING is responsible for inflammatory arthritis in DNase knockout mice (Ahn et al. 2012; Gao et al. 2015). Here, CGAS is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.