VCAM1 and Cognitive impairment: While the administration of old blood leads to impaired cognition in mice [131], the question of how this occurs remains unsolved; a recent study implicated the vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1): systemic administration of anti-VCAM1 antibody or genetic ablation of Vcam1 in brain endothelial cells of the BBB was able to counteract the effects of old plasma, reverting microglial reactivity and cognitive deficits [184].