Mutations in NME4 that inactivate either the enzymatic activity of NDPK-D or its ability to bind cardiolipin in the mitochondrial inner membrane both induce a strong metastatic phenotype in the cervical carcinoma cell line HeLa and in the breast adenocarcinoma cell line MDA-MB-231 [19], including pronounced cell scattering, loss of intercellular adhesion, increased cell migration in 2D and 3D assays, and increased invasion through a type I collagen matrix. Here, NME4 is linked to breast adenocarcinoma.