TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: Several clinical trials have established that patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving JAK inhibitor treatment, particularly those with cardiovascular or venous thromboembolic (VTE) risk factors at baseline, have a significantly higher incidence of thromboembolic events, cancer, and death compared to those treated with anti-TNF agents (Ytterberg et al., 2022; Charles-Schoeman et al., 2023; Curtis et al., 2023).