Representative IHC images of paraffin-embedded colon sections collected from CDI mice treated with either butyrate or butyrate in combination with T-βMCA revealed elevated MPO, CD11b, and IL-17A staining and decreased IL-10 staining in the T-βMCA group (butyrate + T-βMCA) (Fig. 10G). Here, MPO is linked to clostridium difficile infection.