However, due to the overly high cell density of the tumour nest and the limited IMC resolution, some adjacent tumour cells and infiltrated immune cells were recognised as epithelial–immune dual feature cells, such as Clusters 4 (KRT5+, KRT19+, CD20+ and CD79A+) and 14 (KRT5+, KRT19+ and LYZ+). Here, KRT19 is linked to neoplasm.