Intriguingly, our data support the proposal that microglia mediate the Gal-3 effect as in the spinal cords of the TASTPM mouse model of AD, the emergence of a subset of microglia devoid of TLR4 and P2Y12 is associated with milder inflammatory nociception (Fig. 10c) and lack of antinociceptive effect of a Gal-3 inhibitor. This evidence concerns the gene TLR4 and Alzheimer disease.