To explore whether malnutrition or inflammation impacted the humoral immune response, we examined whether the immune profile correlated with growth failure — a measure of chronic malnutrition measured by child height-for-age Z scores (HAZ) — or biomarkers of systemic and local inflammation (sCD14, IL-1Beta, CRP), or immunoregulatory cytokines (IL-4), but no correlations were observed (Supplemental Figure 6). The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is nutritional deficiency disease.