HMGB1 and cholangiocarcinoma: β-catenin plays a crucial role in tumorigenesis as an intracellular signaling molecule in the WNT signaling pathway.11 High-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) regulates apoptosis, autophagy, and gene transcription and is a critical protein in the pathogenesis of acute liver injury and chronic liver diseases.12,13 HMGB1 knockdown has been shown to inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis and autophagy in CCA cell lines HuB28 and HuCCT1.14 It is established that proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, enhance the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation-induced CCA.