Indeed, IFNs in general play a regulatory role in adaptive immunity, by “Th1 skewing,”44 and local variations of different IFN-I subtypes may also impact viral host defense in patients with APS-1 as IFN-β and IFN-γ are usually not targeted by the autoantibodies.45 The gene discussed is IFNB1; the disease is autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1.