TNF and endothelial dysfunction: Also, VAT, epicardial fat, and vascular tissue secrete proinflammatory cytokines (eg, TNF‐α [tumor necrosis factor‐α], IL‐1 [interleukin‐1], and IL‐6 [interleukin‐6]), which contribute to microvascular endothelial dysfunction and reduced vascular compliance.89, 90