S100B and infection: To confirm the early synthesis of the Nef protein from the unintegrated genome of wild-type (Wt) HIV, an integrase mutant, HIV-1IN/D116N (D116N) was also used and was found to produce Nef [14]; the protein level of Nef was also found to be comparable at an early time between Wt and D116N infection, demonstrating the capacity of HIV to express the nef gene early without integration in blood T cells [14].