CIC and neoplasm: Genes overexpressed in CICKO cells were also consistently found to be enriched for targets of RAS/MAPK signalling (e.g., ENG, ETV1/4/5, GNG11, GYPC, SOX9), as has previously been shown using bulk transcriptome profiling of CIC-deficient cell lines and tumours [13,20,21,22], indicating that CIC plays a role in the regulation of this signalling cascade at all stages of the cell cycle.