More puzzling are the cases of malignant liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC), cholangiocarcinoma (CHOL), and renal cell carcinoma, in which, MAL2 was shown by IHC to be downregulated relative to benign tumors [108], but upregulated in cholangiocarcinoma in another study [109]. Here, MAL2 is linked to benign neoplasm.