VCAM1 and cancer: Specifically, they found that the presence of MRC-5 cells induced the expression of cancer stem cell markers in HCC cancer cells, including CD133 and Oct-4, and also upregulated the expression of several adhesion molecules, including intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), and E-selectin [154].