APC and neoplasm: Furthermore, numerous significant events contribute to the development of the CIN, such as encompassing mutations in some oncogenes, such as APC, KRAS, TP53, CTNNB1, and PIK3CA, and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) chromosome in 18q with some of the tumor suppressor genes, such as SMAD2, SMAD4, and DCC, in the location.