These data suggest the potential for an autologous NPM1mut-specific CTL product to promote leukemia control by eradicating persistent MRD or low-tumor burden relapse following conventional chemotherapy in older NPM1-mutated AML patients not eligible for allogeneic HSCT, as we observed in a patient treated for Ph+ALL with B-cell receptor-ABL (BCR-ABL) p190-directed CTLs [35]. This evidence concerns the gene ABL1 and leukemia.