CD69 and infection: Since N. caninum-related immune responses are highly dependent on an intact Th1 response [18], we further analyzed the immunophenotype of the splenocytes of infected mice and observed an expansion in both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell frequencies and numbers in Mgat1Δ/Δ mice compared to steady-state mice (Supplementary Fig. 5T), which presented a higher frequency of CD69+ cells in CD4+ T cells upon infection, which agrees with the role of complex N-glycans in TCR clustering.