The relative nuclear accumulation of PABPC1 in cells infected with the Δ22 rescue viruses closely reflected the mRNA nuclear retention seen above: the Δ22* infection was similar to Δvhs, with no nuclear PABPC1; the PP15 virus was similar to Wt, with some PABPC1 in the nucleus; and the two other viruses (PP12 and PP13) caused nuclear accumulation of PABPC1 at levels somewhere between Wt and Δ22 (Fig 5). Here, IGFBP1 is linked to infection.