SERPINA1 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis: Chronic hepatitis B and C virus infections and chronic alcohol consumption are the most common etiologies of CLD; other causes include: non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, Wilson disease, hemochromatosis and alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency; smoking, obesity, and diabetes mellitus are predisposing factors for CLD [4].