EPAS1 and Patent ductus arteriosus: The hypoxia-inducible factors-2α or originally named EPAS1 associated with pathologic vascular wall remodeling, and identifying the HIF pathway is very important in the line of introducing novel therapeutic strategies.41 Recent studies revealed that mRNA expressions of EPAS1, HGF, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and VEGF were up-regulated in the lenti-EPAS1-treated sites resulted in recovered limb function and circulation after 7 days.42 In addition, during tissue ischemia in PDA, lipid oxidation is associated with inflammation, leading to the protein adducts inducing angiogenesis.