Regarding premalignant lesions, higher PD-L1 positivity rates were found in this study in HIV+ patients with SCC versus SILs and with HSILs adjacent to invasive carcinoma versus HSILs non-adjacent to invasive carcinoma, in contrast with the negative PD-L1 scores found in HSILs (adjacent or non-adjacent to SCC) in the HIV- group. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and invasive carcinoma.