TNFRSF9 and neoplasm: As previously reported9, CD8+ CD137+ T cells were essentially restricted in TLAs with minimal-to-no CD8+ CD137+ T cells seen in the vicinity outside the TLAs in Arms A and B. In contrast, this activated T-cell subtype made up 2–4% of cells in the tumor vicinity outside the TLAs within the same ROIs in PDAs from Arm C (Figs. 3e, 5d), suggesting that activated T cells may have migrated from TLAs to the vicinity of neoplastic cells.