We observed that PD astrocytes differentiated from isogenic and non-isogenic iPSC pairs alter their secretion pattern of molecules known to regulate angiogenesis by promoting vessel formation (e.g. angiopoietin-156,57, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA)58,59, amphiregulin60), as well as factors that have been shown to impair the permeability of endothelial vessels (e.g. VEGF)61,62 (Fig. 1J). This evidence concerns the gene VEGFA and Parkinson disease.