MAP4K1 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Consistently, the presence of human neurodegenerative disorders, a severe form of neuronal proteotoxic stress, correlates with activation of human hpk-1 expression: for example, human HIPK2 is activated in frontal cortex samples of patients with AD, in motor neurons of ALS patients, and in mouse models of ALS (Lee et al., 2016).