In 6 subcohorts, S1 IgG responses remained significantly lower than in healthy individuals: these were patients with B NHL who received the first vaccination during or shortly after completing CD20 antibody therapy, patients with CLL using ibrutinib with or without venetoclax, patients with multiple myeloma using daratumumab, patients who received CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, and patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms using ruxolitinib (Table 1, Fig. 3A). Here, CD19 is linked to non-Hodgkin lymphoma.