Moreover, western blot further confirmed total superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), heme oxygenase-1 (Hmox1) and glutamate cysteine ligase (GCLc) expression at protein level (Fig. 7c, d), supporting the hypothesis of PNS up-regulated antioxidants to ameliorate diabetes-induced oxidative stress. This evidence concerns the gene HMOX1 and diabetes mellitus.