HMOX1 and Insulin resistance: In this study, we found that, through pathway crosstalk analysis, PNS treatment suppressed oxidative stress factors, by up-regulating antioxidant-related gene expression levels, including superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), peroxiredoxin 1 (PRDX1), heme oxygenase-1 (Hmox1) and glutamate cysteine ligase (GCLc), indicating PNS could reduce insulin resistance.