The results of multiplexed IF staining of 105 primary liver cancer margin areas from the validation cohort 1 (HCC, n = 53; ICC, n = 52) also revealed that macrophages (CD68+ cells) were significantly enriched in the first layer (0–250 μm) on the tumor side (Fig. 3c, d). Here, CD68 is linked to intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.