MMP2 and malignant glioma: This gene can induce transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β) signaling, followed by nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) mediated matrix metallopeptidase 2/9 (MMP2/9) overexpression orchestrating migration, invasion and epithelial–mesenchymal transition in malignant glioma cells of human origin [114].