Using IPF patient-derived cell cultures, Jaffar et al. [44] measured the stiffness of individual lung fibroblasts via high-resolution force maps with AFM and found that the fibroblasts from patients with IPF were stiffer and had an augmented cytoskeletal response to TGF-β1 compared with the fibroblasts from donors without IPF. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.