VEGFA and neoplasm: In addition, VEGF can inhibit the maturation and antigen presentation process of Dendritic Cells (DCs), thereby hindering T cell activation and reducing T cell-mediated anti-cancer immune responses (21, 71, 72); (2) Aggregation of inhibitory immunocytes: Although all types of immune cells can infiltrate the tumor parenchyma via functional tumor vasculature, inhibitory immune cell populations such as M2-type tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), regulatory T cells (Tregs), and Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) appear to have a priority in accumulating in tumors for a variety of reasons.