At the immune cell level, vascular normalization represents a reduction in tumor tissue interstitial pressure and restoration of adhesion molecules on the surface of vascular wall cells and immune cells, leading to easier infiltration of immune cells in tumor tissue; subsequently, improvement of the tumor microenvironment promotes activation of functional immune cells (T cells, DCs), reducing the accumulation of suppressive immune cells (Tregs, M2-type TAMs and MDSCs) and the release of a range of immunosuppressive factors (e.g. VEGF, Ang2, IL-10, and TGFβ). Here, VEGFA is linked to neoplasm.