INS and Insulin resistance: DM can be classified into three main types based on the underlying causes: [1] type 1 DM (T1DM), resulting from a deficiency in insulin secretion; [2] type 2 DM (T2DM), which accounts for 90–95% of the DM population, caused by insulin resistance and often an inadequate compensatory insulin secretory response; and [3] gestational DM, a type of DM characterized by high blood glucose during pregnancy with an increased risk of T2DM in the newborn (1).