Oncological outcomes measured were PSA levels, PSA velocity, PSA doubling time, Free/Total PSA ratios, tumour size, surgical margins and cancer cell proliferation rates on surgical pathology, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and VEGF levels as well as PCa‐specific and all‐cause mortality.67, 68, 69, 71, 73, 84, 85, 91, 92, 93, 95, 97, 98, 99, 102. Here, VEGFA is linked to neoplasm.