AKT1 and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma: Ding et al. (2022) experimentally demonstrated that sEVs-miR-181d-5p originating from cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) could activate Wnt/β-linked protein signaling in ccRCC cells. This activation occurs by directly repressing the expression of the ring finger 43 (RNF43) protein, subsequently promoting migration, invasion, and EMT of ccRCC cells. In a separate study, sEVs-miR-15a was found to be upregulated in ccRCC cells, thus fostering EMT, and by extension, ccRCC metastasis and growth, by downregulating BTG2 and enhancing PI3K/AKT signaling pathway activity. (Li et al., 2021).