We conducted ROC curve analysis of APOA1 and SPINK1 based on the TCGA-LIHC data and found that high APOA1 and SPINK1 expression levels could serve as potential biomarkers for HCC, with AUC values of 0.782 and 0.690, respectively (Supplementary Figure S1). Here, SPINK1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.