Johnston et al., demonstrated elevated levels of TNF-α (1.31-fold), IL-2 (1.18-fold), IL-7 (1.63-fold), and IFN-γ (1.18-fold) 3 years post injury in the pediatric burn injury patients in comparison to healthy controls and described a significantly reduced antibody response to diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccine antigens (7). Here, TNF is linked to diphtheria.