NPPB and heart failure: In the heart failure patients, while the DEFEAT-HF trial showed no improvement in left ventricular end-systolic volume index, peak oxygen uptake, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide [NT-proBNP] endpoints (Zipes et al., 2016), the SCS HEART trial demonstrated improvement in New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification, quality of life, left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular volume, and peak oxygen consumption (Tse et al., 2015).