MAPT and Alzheimer disease: In a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind Phase II clinical trial run by the University of Colorado in mild-to-moderate AD participants, subcutaneous injection of sargramostim (5 days/week for 3 weeks) was associated with reduced plasma levels of total tau (24%) and UCHL1 (42%), a biomarker of neuronal neurodegeneration, and improved cognition based on MMSE scores.