INS and Alzheimer disease: Antidiabetic drugs such as intranasal insulin, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, metformin, sitagliptin, and liraglutide can significantly improve the cognition of patients with AD and mild cognitive impairment; However, metformin does not seem to reduce the risk of AD, and its consumption in the Asian population is associated with a higher risk of this disease, although causality is unknown (Cao et al., 2018; Munõz-Jiménez et al., 2021; Luo et al., 2022).