For instance, costimulation of Th1, Th2 and Th17 responses is commonly observed in various microbial infections, such as Mtb,284,285Echinococcus multilocularis,286Aspergillus fumigatus,287 HIV,288 SARS-CoV-2.248 Meanwhile, Treg cells can be induced during infection to prevent overstimulation of immune response and “self-attacking”.289–292 During Mtb infection, activation of macrophages induced by Th1-derived IFN-γ is crucial to control the tuberculosis. The gene discussed is IFNG; the disease is infection.