Moreover, it was demonstrated that the expression of EMT indicators in the co-culture group was upregulated at the mRNA (Fig. 8D) and protein (Fig. 8F) levels, and the cancer stemness index including Nanog, Notch-3, and Oct-4 were also observed to be upregulated at mRNA (Fig. 8E) and protein level (Fig. 8G). Here, NANOG is linked to cancer.