We identified 30 rare variants likely associated with obesity in 15 candidate genes (LEP, LEPR, POMC, MC3R, MC4R, MRAP2, SH2B1, BDNF, NTRK2, DYRK1B, SIM1, GNAS, ADCY3, RAI1, and BBS2) (Fig. 3A). Here, LEP is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.