We identified 30 rare variants likely associated with obesity in 15 candidate genes (LEP, LEPR, POMC, MC3R, MC4R, MRAP2, SH2B1, BDNF, NTRK2, DYRK1B, SIM1, GNAS, ADCY3, RAI1, and BBS2) (Fig. 3A). This evidence concerns the gene SIM1 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.