MAPK3 and neoplasm: In contrast, HMGB3 overexpression dramatically increased tumor volumes (Fig. 7F–H; Additional file 1: Fig. S6) and activated MAPK/ERK signaling (Fig. 7I and J) relative to the control group, whereas administration of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway inhibitor, AZD6244, or ERK1/2 knockdown, reversed the effect of HMGB3 overexpression.