However, no obvious differences in the timing and severity of symptoms are observed between npr1 knock-out plants and wild-type plants upon infection with a few viruses, e.g., cabbage leaf curl virus (CaLCuV; genus Begomovirus), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV; genus Cucumovirus), and oilseed rape mosaic virus (ORMV; genus Tobamovirus)23,52. Here, NPR1 is linked to infection.