TGFB1 and cancer: To identify the immune suppression role of the TGF-β signaling pathway, the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) databases analyze demonstrated that TGFBR1 is significantly upregulated in a broad spectrum of solid tumors including breast invasive carcinoma and pancreatic adenocarcinoma tissues compared to their normal adjacent tissues (Fig. 2a, c, and Supplementary Fig. 1).