The proportion of Tregs (CD3+CD4+Foxp3+) from 21.0 ± 1.6% in the PBS group to 38.6 ± 4.8% in the ENV + Laser group, which was reduced to 18.8 ± 1.3% in the ELNV + Laser group, demonstrated that PDT upregulated the number of Tregs, while the ELNV + Laser group could improve the PDT-induced ITM, which caused 2.6-times higher CD8+ T cells/Tregs ratio of ELNV + Laser group than that of the ENV + Laser group (Supplementary Fig. 34g, h), suggesting that TGF-β1 inhibition in the ELNV + Laser group reduces tumor-infiltrating Tregs. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is neoplasm.