TGFB1 and neoplasm: The expression of pSmad3 in the tumor sections was significantly decreased in the ELNV and ELJNV groups (Fig. 5j, and Supplementary Fig. 45d), indicating that the ELNV and ELJNV nanovesicles dramatically inhibited TGF-β1-induced fibrosis through the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway in vivo.